Was the Treaty of Versailles a Carthaginian Peace

1. The Versailles settlement quickly gained a reputation as ‘a Carthaginian peace’. What was meant by this, and was it a fair and accurate assessment. The Versailles Peace Treaty was signed in June 1919 after the First World War by the victorious Allies and defeated Germany and was intended to punish Germany for what was seen as her war guilt and to prevent her from becoming powerful enough again to disturb European peace. It was called a Carthaginian peace in the first instance by Jan Smuts (a member of the British Delegation at the Peace Conference in Paris) in a letter to Lloyd George dated 16th March 1919[1] and in 1920 by John Maynard Keynes (also a member of the British Delegation) in his book The Economic Consequences of†¦show more content†¦Keynes, a liberal economist, who had been present at the peace conference in Paris thought Wilson’s principles were ‘wrongly conceived ....... and too little regard had been given to the economic realities’[5] but he looked on them more favourably than the eventual conditions in the Treaty of Versailles. Alan Sharp suggests that Keynes was torn between ‘fascination at the speed with which Lloyd George could absorb both atmosphere and complex briefs and disgust at his lack of fixed principles.[6] The British delegation containing on the one hand Jan Smuts, who took a more liberal stance on the Treaty and Billy Hughes, the Australian Prime-minister, who became the ‘most vocal exponent of a Carthaginian peace among the British delegation in Paris’[7] shows the divisions amongst the British delegation and possibly reflects the indecision in Lloyd George’s mind. He felt Germany needed to be left with enough room to recover and take her place in Europe but was anxious in the aftermath of the carnage of war that Germany should be seen to be punished. Italy’s Prime Minister, Vittorio Orlando, was not vociferous at the Conference but was asking for Fiume to be assigned to Italy but it had already been assigned to Yugoslavia. Wilson resisted Orlando’s request and he and the Italian delegation e ventually gave up and removedShow MoreRelatedWorld War I And Not A War Of Its Own1320 Words   |  6 Pagesuneasy peace to Europe for twenty. The war that ranged from 1939 to 1945 became known as World War II, a sequel to WWI with and even larger death toll than before. Although they were twenty years apart, World War II can be seen as a continuation of World War I and not a war of its own. On June 28th, 1914 in Sarajevo, Bosnia the Austrian Archduke, Franz Ferdinand was assassinated by a Serbian nationalist. This led to the Austria-Hungarian Empire invading Serbia. Suddenly all of Europe was fightingRead MoreThe Treaty Of Versailles2228 Words   |  9 Pagessigning the Treaty of Versailles in June 1919, then British Prime Minister Lloyd George declared: â€Å"We will have to fight another war in 25 years time, and at three times the cost.† This ominous prediction came true as the controversial peace settlement brought no end to conflict in Europe. The Treaty was described by critics as Carthaginian: a peace so brutal it crushes the defeated side. This was the intention of the Allies, who felt a disabled Germany was the best way to preserve peace. This rationaleRead MoreEssay The Legacy of the Great War by William R. Keylor944 Words   |  4 Pagesin European civilization. The Paris Peace conference had a total of twenty-seven countries with their highest representatives and aides who devise a peace settlement. For two months they had redrawn the map of Europe with political and economical arrangements. It took another six months for the leaders who defeated the Central Powers to decide which rules that would govern the postwar order. The Central Power leaders are also known as the Big Four who was: President Woodrow Wilson of the UnitedRead MoreThe Weimar years were marked by extraordinary and unrivaled economic, political, and social1600 Words   |  7 PagesThe Weimar years were marked by extraordinary and unrivaled economic, political, and social struggles and crises. Its beginning was marked as being especially difficult in that Germany was wiped out and devastated after four years of the unprecedented warfare of World War I. By 1918 the world had been shocked with over 8.5 million killed on both Allies and Axis sides and many more severely m angled and scarred – body, mind and spirit. This is seen as German Soldier, Ernst Simmel, writes, â€Å"when IRead MoreThe Outbreak Of The Treaty Of Versailles1968 Words   |  8 Pagesanother war was unavoidable after the Treaty of Versailles† Discuss. HY116 week 5 essay On the 28th of June 1919, after six months of negotiations the Treaty of Versailles formally ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied powers. The Paris Peace Conferences set about to establish at durable peace and insure that World War One would be the war to end all wars. Nevertheless, thirty years later Adolf Hitler invaded Poland and conflict erupted once again. Thus the Treaty of Versailles failedRead MoreThe Treaty Of Versailles And The World War I Essay1977 Words   |  8 PagesThe Treaty of Versailles is the treaty that states the obligations of Germany towards the Allied Powers in the aftermath of World War I. Its main clauses include Germany exclusively accepting blame for the war, reducing its army, removing portions of its territory and paying reparations for the economic consequences of the war it was said to have caused. However, the level of the reparations detailed in the treaty far exceeded Germany’s capacity to pay, which led many to critique it . The economicRead MoreThe War Guilt Clause And Reparations2609 Words   |  11 PagesClause† and â€Å"Reparations†) of the Treaty of Versailles on June 28th, 1919 served as unintentional catalysts for the arise of revisionism in post-war Germany, and its fall out of the international order following the Paris Peace Conference. These two articles politically, socially, and economically ravaged Germany, and created societal circumstances in which a totalitarian dictatorship (the National Socialist German Workers Party or â€Å"Nazi† party) gained popularity and was viewed as necessary in orderRead More International Free Trade and World Peace Essay6197 Words   |  25 PagesInternational Free Trade and World Peace When analyzing trade’s effect on state behavior, it is not the mere existence of trade between countries that should be central, rather, the nature of trade that is crucial. This distinction will be explored by studying the arguments of key economic and political thinkers of both the 18th and 20th centuries. The general nature of trade, the role of national government regarding trade and security, trades capacity to befriend belligerent nations, and

The Falling of the Second Temple A Pivotal Point in...

Although the exact age of the Jewish faith is debatable, one thing is certain, it is a faith with an extensive, and at times tumultuous, history. Throughout the history of Judaism, Jewish people have faced ongoing persecution and discrimination. Despite these conflicts, the faith is alive, strong, and growing. Like many religions faced with adversity, Judaism has had to accommodate the ever-changing world to maintain their faith. One significant moment of change, the falling of the Second Temple, had the opportunity to destroy Judaism for good, but the Jewish people came together and reformulated their religion in order to save their faith. The destruction of the Second Temple in 70 c.e. was a pivotal moment in Jewish history (Molloy,†¦show more content†¦Although it is argued that rabbis began work on compiling the oral histories prior to the fall of the Second Temple, there was a definite resurgence in documentation of the important history and moral laws of Judaism after the fall. The most important of these written documents in the Jewish faith is the Hebrew Bible. This bible is comprised of the Torah, Nevi’im and Ketuvim, these three components combine to make up the Tanakh. The Torah is the core of the Hebrew Bible and contains the story of creation, as well as directions on daily conduct and religious rituals. The Nevi’im contains the stories of prophets. The prophets were people that spoke on behalf of God to the Jewish people. Lastly, the Ketuvim is comprised of mostly imaginative literature such as psalms, proverbs and poetry (Molloy, 294). Shifting the focus from priests and temp le to a written work that is accessible to all regardless of location was the main adaptation of Judaism and certainly saved the faith. Although the historical accuracy of the Hebrew Bible is debatable, as some stories may have morphed from their origination to when they were assembled in writing, the bible still remains at the core of Judaism today. After the destruction of the temple, Judaism was forced to modify several of their traditions and rituals, specifically due to transitioning from a temple and ceremonial centric community into a bible centric religion. We now call this new form of the faithShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Fall of the Second Temple1951 Words   |  8 PagesThroughout the history of Judaism, Jewish people have faced ongoing persecution and discrimination. Despite these conflicts, the faith remains alive, strong, and continuously growing. Like many religions faced with adversity, Judaism has had to assimilate its faith to survive in an ever-changing world. One significant moment of change in the Jewish history, the fall of the Second Temple, had the opportunity to destroy Judaism, but the Jewish people bonded together and reformulated their religionRead MoreEssay on The Positive Relationship Between Science and Religion6961 Words   |  28 PagesThe Positive Relationship Between Science and Religion Introduction: Throughout history we can find many instances where religion was strongly opposed to scientific research. For example, the Catholic Church’s objection to Galileo’s defense of Copernicus’ heliocentric model where he offered his observations that he felt furthered the theory that the planets revolved around the Sun. At that time, the belief that the Holy Scriptures were perhaps inaccurate was one thing, but attemptingRead MoreGp Essay Mainpoints24643 Words   |  99 Pagesterrorism ever be eradicated? 7. Sports a. True purpose of sports nowadays b. Sports and Media 8. Foreign Aid a. How effective is Foreign Aid? 9. Migration a. Is migration/having foreigners good? 10. Subjects a. Literature b. History c. Mathematics d. Universal language 11. Businesses a. Business morality b. Charities as businesses 12. Democracy a. Good vs. Bad 13. Social Issues (only stats provided) a. Gender b. Family c. Equality 14. Governance Read MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesintroduction to the heterogeneous study of organizations, including chapters on phenomenology, critical theory and psychoanalysis. Like all good textbooks, the book is accessible, well researched and readers are encouraged to view chapters as a starting point for getting to grips with the field of organization theory. Dr Martin Brigham, Lancaster University, UK McAuley et al. provide a highly readable account of ideas, perspectives and practices of organization. By thoroughly explaining, analyzing and exploring

Evidence Based Nursing Research Statistical Techniques

Question: Discuss about theEvidence Based Nursing Research for Statistical Techniques. Answer: Introduction Quantitative Research is defined as a systemic analysis of an evident phenomenon through statistical, mathematical or computational techniques. It produces information on a particular study. This study will describe the research elements of the quantitative research article- Using Adhesive Glue to Repair First Degree Perineal tears: A prospective Randomized Controlled Trial, written by Tomer Feigenberg, Esther Maor-Sagie, Einat Zivi, Mushira Abu-Dia, Assaf Ben-Meir, Hen Y. Sela and Yossef Ezra, 2014. The aim of this research article is to evaluate the use of two types of adhesive glue, namely octyl-2-cyanoacrylate (Dermabond, Ethicon) and n-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate (Histoacryl, B Braun), to treat first degree perineal tears and to compare the gluing of tissue with a traditional suturing procedure using Vicryl Rapide fast-absorbing running sutures (Feigenberg, T., Maor-Sagie, E., Zivi, E., Abu-Dia, M., Ben-Meir, A., Sela, H. Y., Ezra, Y, 2014). The women over the age eighteen were eligible for this study and who had been diagnosed with first degree perineal subsequent to birth. It exclude those women did not reveal any signs of local infection, the women who used steroids chronically, the women who experienced excessive bleeding which does not allowed the utilization of glue and those who were allergic to adhesive glues (Feigenberg, T., Maor-Sagie, E., Zivi, E., Abu-Dia, M., Ben-Meir, A., Sela, H. Y., Ezra, Y, 2014). Before the initiation of this study, an approval from the institutional review board was obtained. For getting enrolled in this study, a written consent has been provided by the participants. For meeting the requirements of the institutional board, a pilot study of fifteen patients was carried out. In each group there were five patients and this study was designed for assessing the feasibility of using glue. For the final analysis, these patients were included in group with respect to group assignment. The patients who were expected to be treated with adhesive glue, aqueous chlorohexidine had been used for washing the area which was to be glued. On the tear, a small gauze pad was positioned and an additional gauze pad was positioned in the vagina proximally to the tear for protecting the area from getting contaminated with blood and certain other secretions. The removal of gauze within the tear was carried out and either n-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate or octyl-2- cyanoacrylate glue was appl ied instantaneously to the approximated tear which was done manually. The similar glues second layer was applied to the outer skin. The researchers have not used any local anesthesia or drapes. Local anesthesia has been applied and drapes had been utilized for the patients who did undergo effective local anesthesia. In addition, Vicryl Rapide 2 X 0 running sutures had also been used in the vagina, while in the perineum interrupted sutures had been used. For evaluating the procedures duration, tears local length as well as depth, the assessment of the physician and satisfaction with the results, the analogue of pain of the patients together with the satisfaction levels, a questionnaire had been completed by each physician. The researchers has applied the two sample t-test as well as the Mann-Whitney nonparametric test for comparing the quantitative variables among the groups undergoing treatment, for assessing the relationship between the two qualitative variables, Fishers exact test and Chi-square test had been applied. The tests that have been applied in this study were single-tailed and had a P value of five percent or less had been considered significant statistically (Feigenberg, T., Maor-Sagie, E., Zivi, E., Abu-Dia, M., Ben-Meir, A., Sela, H. Y., Ezra, Y, 2014). Reference: Feigenberg, T., Maor-Sagie, E., Zivi, E., Abu-Dia, M., Ben-Meir, A., Sela, H. Y., Ezra, Y. (2014). Using Adhesive Glue to Repair First Degree Perineal Tears: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial.BioMed research international,2014.

Rosa Parks free essay sample

Due at the end of Class Choose one of the following Activities: Choice A: Individual Write 3 diary entries from Rosa Park’s point of view about three incidents in the story. How do you imagine she felt? What did she hope for? What did she fear? The entries MUST be 1 page in length. Choice B: Individual Imagine you are Rosa’s mother, Leona. Write a letter to a relative in the North describing what happened to your daughter (Rosa). Be sure to explain the events in detail and add personal thoughts. Use your text book to help you with dates, names, and additional information. Your letter must be 1 page in length. Choice C: Individual Select an issue in your school or community; then develop a plan for a civil disobedience protest. Your issue should be one that relates to social injustice, oppression, or discrimination. Carefully state the issue, describe how it affects people in your community, and what resources you would need to utilize. We will write a custom essay sample on Rosa Parks or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Choice D: Partners Imagine you are two newspaper reporters-one white, one black-in Montgomery, Alabama, in 1955. Write two accounts of Rosa’s arrest: one as a white reporter, the other as a black reporter. Include a headline, interpretation of the event, and personal narrative. Each report will need to be one page in length. Discussion Questions: 1. Rosa Parks did not set out to spearhead social reform. What influences and experiences in her life led to her becoming the â€Å"mother† of the modern civil rights movement? 2. In the â€Å"Rosa Parks Story,† flashbacks are used throughout the movie. How does this technique add to the drama’s impact? How would that impact change if the story had started at the beginning of Rosa’s life and had told what happened in sequential order? Why? 3. People in power determine the fate of others. Who used power in the movie? Who abused authority? 4. How did the bus boycott affect the black community, the white community, and the economy of Montgomery? 5. In 1987, Rosa co-founded the Rosa and Raymond Parks Institute for Self Development. The Institute’s programs focus primarily on education, motivational training, and life skills. Why emphasize self-development and not social change or civil rights? Draw inferences from the movie to support your reasons.

For Whom The Bell Tolls By Ernest Hemingway (1899 - 1961) Essays

For Whom the Bell Tolls by Ernest Hemingway (1899 - 1961) For Whom the Bell Tolls by Ernest Hemingway (1899 - 1961) Type of Work: Romantic war novel Setting Spain; 1937 Principal Characters Robert Jordan, an American fighting with Spanish Loyalists Maria, Jordan's lover Anselmo, Jordan's elderly guerilla guide Pablo, a drunken guerilla leader Pilar, Pablo's strong and commanding wife El Sordo, another guerilla leader Rafael, a gypsy member of Pablo's band Story Overveiw Robert Jordan, the young American, could think of nothing but the bridge as he and his seasoned guide Anselmo hiked through the mountains behind Fascist lines. Golz, one of many Russians also working for the Loyalist forces in their civil war with the Fascists for control of Spain, explained the importance ot Jordan's mission. Golz was organizing a major offensive against the enemy. To protect is troops from reinforcements sent up after the attack commenced, Golz needed the strategic bridge destroyed: "[Do it] as soon as the attack has started and not before. I must know that bridge is gone." Jordan and Anselmo worked their way u p the mountains where the bridge was located. The plan was for Jordan to make contact with a guerilla band led by Pablo and his devoted, fierce, and swarthy wife, Pilar. After taking a few days to examine the bridge and organize the attack, he would wait for the proper moment to blow it up. Though he had destroyed other bridges, and trains as well, Jordan was apprehensive about this mission. He felt even worse when he made contact with Pablo's band. The guerilla leader was surly and insecure; he demanded to know what Jordan intended to do: "If it is in this territory, it is my business." Jordan quickly changed the subject. That night Jordan stayed at the guerrilla's cave hideout with Pitar, Rafael the gypsy, six other guerrillas, and Maria, a young girl who had been rescued from the Fascists. Jordan asked Pilar if more guerrillas could be rounded up for the attack on the heavily guarded bridge. She said that she would enlist the help of a band of six or seven mountain men, led by the reclusive but proficient El Sordo. However, the attack would be very dangerous, and afterwards the entire band would have to abandon their mountain camps. Pablo was drunk earlier than usual that evening. He criticized Jordan's plans and told everyone in the cave that the mission would fail. But Pilar stepped in and ushered Jordan outside for a breath of air. The gypsy, Rafael, quickly followed. "Three or four times we waited for you to kill him. Pablo has no friends," Rafael declared. Although the idea of killing Pablo had in fact flashed across Jordan's mind, he had restrained himself: "For a stranger to kill where he must work with the people afterwards is very bad." For weeks all of Jordan's thoughts had centered on his mission. Now, however, all throughout the evening's tension-filled dinner, it was not Pablo or the bridge that occupied his mind, but Maria. The two flirted, sneaking glances and sly touches back and forth. Later, when Jordan bedded down outside beneath the stars - along with the dynamite, which no one wanted in the cave - Maria came to him, torn between hope and reluctance. Among the Fascists she had been subjected to starvation, torture and rape, and she believed that no one could love a defiled woman. But Jordan persuaded her to slide into his sleeping bag next to him, and they became lovers. And Jordan, who had lived until then mainly for the ceremony of risking his life, now knew that, though he would still fight for the cause, he no longer wished to court death; he wanted to live - for Maria. The next day, Pilar, Jordan and Maria paid a visit to El Sordo's camp. Along the way Pilar spoke of how the war had begun in her native village. Pablo had led the attack on the local , "civilia guardia," trapped in their barracks. After killing the soldiers, Pablo and his rebels gathered Fascist party members into the town hall. There, one by one, they were forced to run through a gauntlet formed by the townspeople, who beat them with shovels and rakes. To Robert Jordan, it was a horrible, disgusting story. At the camp, El Sordo agreed to help with the mission to blow up the bridge, and assured that he could secure horses for the ensuing escape.it was snowing heavily when they returned to their own camp. The snow was a bad omen. Jordan grimly acknowledged that it could ruin the entire mission. Pablo, on the other hand, was elated.

A essays

A essays A Friend With Multiple Personalities The variance in personalities can be as massive as an ocean or as microscopic as an atom. Most people think of personalities as distinctive. I have found distinctive does not necessarily describe personalities. Renee is a friend of mine who has a very wide variance in personality. Renees personality can change within a matter of minutes. She calls me daily with a seemingly innocent conversation. The conversation always starts with simple inquires about the general health of family and friends. Suddenly, as if possessed by some demonic force, she will insult other people that we both know. She says things that I personally know to be untrue. When I try to point out what she is doing, she turns her anger toward me. At any point during a telephone conversation, she can exhibit any one of three different personality aspects. Each of these personality aspects demonstrates individual distinctions. One person can have multiple personalities. In fact, my friend has three aspect s of her personality. The three are the friend forever, the crybaby, and the rattlesnake personalities. The "friend forever" personality is the one with which I am most familiar. When she displays this personality, she concerns herself with others, she is willing to help out, and she always has a dry shoulder to loan for crying. Renee so easily fits into this category. Most days, she is a very loving and caring individual. She concerns herself with the welfare of others. While in this personality, Renee goes out of her way to call and inquire about the health of others. She offers her help in any situation. She may not be physically able to change a flat tire for a person, but she will hold the light so the person can see how to change the tire for themself. Renee always has a dry shoulder on which someone can cry without invitation. She will listen to a friend's problem for ...

Guernica and The Death of General Wolfe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Guernica and The Death of General Wolfe - Essay Example The republican Forces which were loyal to the newly elected government, were under the attack from a fascist coup which was led by Generalissimo Francisco Franco (Guernica). Prosperity and stability to the people of Spain was a word of promise by Franco, yet only death and destruction were the subjects of deliverance from his side. Anticipating a bold visual protest to Franco's corruption from Spain's most prominent artisans, colleagues and representatives of the democratic government came to Picasso's place in Paris in order to ask him to paint the mural. Picasso used to avoid politics generally, and used to disdain over political art, though his sympathies clearly fell parallel to the new Republic. The official theme of Paris Exposition is a celebration of the modern technology. The organizers hoped that this vision of a prosperous future will jolt the nations out of the economic depression and social unrest of the thirties (Guernica). With the unfolding of plans, the Aeronautics Pavilion generated huge excitement, featuring the latest technological advances in aircraft design and engineering. As a result, no one would have ever suspected that this dramatic progress would result in such a dire consequence. On the 27th of April, 1937, unprecedented outrageousness was perpetrated on behalf of Franco against the civilian citizenry of a little Basque village in the northern Spain. The hamlet was pounded with high-explosive and incendiary bombs for over three hours because it was chosen for bombing practice by Hitler's burgeoning war machine. The town people were cut down as they eloped from the crumbling buildings. Guernica burnt for three days consecutively and sixteen hundred civilians were killed and wounded (Guernica). By the 1st of May, the information of the massacre at Guernica reached Paris, where more than a million protestors flooded the streets to voice their atrocities in the largest May Day demonstration the city had ever come across. The reports of all the eye-witnesses filled the front pages of the news papers of Paris, leaving Picasso stunned by the black and white photographs. Picasso was appalled and enraged when he rushed through the crowded streets in his studio, and qu ickly sketched the first images for the mural he called Guernica. This brought an end to his search for an inspiration. From the beginning itself, Picasso chose not to represent the horror in Guernica in realistic or romantic terms. He transferred some key figures such as a woman with outstretched arms, a bull, an agonized horse, which were refined sketch after sketch, and then were brought in to the capacious canvas, which were reworked by him several times. He quoted that, a painting is not thought out and settled in advance, however, whilst it